GRAMMAR INTENSIVE · MEMBERS LIBRARY

Subject–Verb
Agreement.

Bukan sekadar menghafalkan “singular = verb + s”. Pelajari cara menemukan real subject, menghindari the nearest noun trap, memahami special patterns, dan menggunakan satu sistem yang bisa kamu bawa ke soal grammar dan TOEFL.

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13 guided lessons + mastery checkpoints + a 35-question final practice.

01–03 · Foundation
04–05 · Core verbs
06–09 · Agreement patterns
10–13 · Exam mastery
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INSIDE THIS RESOURCE

From the basic rule to the TOEFL trap.

01 Find the subject Who or what is actually doing the action?
02 Find the head noun Stop matching the verb with the nearest noun.
03 Spot the traps The number of, each, everyone, quantifiers and more.
04 Use the system FIND → REMOVE → IDENTIFY → CHECK → MATCH

01 → 14 · SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT

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01

Foundation

WHAT IS SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT?

Understand the basic idea.

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Subject dan Verb harus "match"

Dalam sebuah kalimat, subject adalah orang, benda, atau hal yang melakukan suatu tindakan atau yang sedang dibicarakan.

Verb adalah kata yang menunjukkan tindakan, keadaan, atau kondisi dari subject.

Contoh:

“

The student studies every night.

Tanyakan:

“

Who studies every night?

Jawabannya:

“

The student

Jadi:

  • The student = subject
  • studies = verb

Karena student adalah singular, verb-nya juga harus mengikuti bentuk singular:

“

The student studies.

Sekarang ubah subject-nya menjadi plural:

“

The students study every night.

Sekarang:

  • The students = plural subject
  • study = plural verb

Perhatikan bahwa bentuk verb justru berubah dari:

“

studies → study

Basic Pattern

Untuk sebagian besar verbs dalam simple present:

Singular
“

He works.

She studies.

The company grows.

Plural
“

They work.

The students study.

The companies grow.

Cara paling mudah untuk mengingatnya:

“

He / She / It → Verb + S

“

I / You / We / They → Base Verb

Tapi jangan langsung menghafalkan "singular = verb + S"

Ini hanya berlaku untuk pola tertentu, terutama simple present.

Misalnya:

“

She works.

Tetapi:

“

She is working.

Di sini verb utamanya adalah working, sedangkan agreement ditunjukkan oleh auxiliary is.

Atau:

“

She can work.

Bukan:

“

❌ She can works.

Jadi, kita tidak bisa memahami subject–verb agreement hanya dengan satu aturan "singular tambah S".

Kita perlu melihat jenis verb dan struktur kalimatnya.

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02

Find

STEP 1 — FIND THE SUBJECT

Learn to locate the real subject.

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Ini adalah langkah paling penting.

Sebelum memilih verb, jangan langsung melihat kata yang paling dekat dengan verb.

Cari dulu:

“

Who or what is doing the action?

A. Ask: "Who or what?"

Contoh:

“

The student studies every night.

Tanyakan:

“

Who studies every night?

Jawab:

“

The student

Jadi:

“

student = subject

Contoh lain:

“

The company produces electric vehicles.

Tanyakan:

“

What produces electric vehicles?

Jawab:

“

The company

Jadi:

“

company = subject

Contoh:

“

The students are preparing for the exam.

Tanyakan:

“

Who is preparing for the exam?

Jawab:

“

The students

Jadi:

“

students = subject

SUBJECT ≠ THE NEAREST NOUN

Ini adalah salah satu kesalahan paling umum dalam subject–verb agreement.

Perhatikan:

“

The student in the classroom studies every day.

Ada beberapa nouns di dalam kalimat, tetapi bukan berarti semuanya bisa menjadi subject.

Di sini:

“

The student = subject

classroom = noun di dalam prepositional phrase

Tanyakan:

“

Who studies every day?

Bukan:

“

classroom

Tetapi:

“

the student

Maka:

“

The student studies every day.

The "Remove the Middle" Technique

Ketika sebuah kalimat terlihat panjang dan membingungkan, hapus sementara informasi tambahan di antara subject dan verb.

Contoh:

“

The student in the business administration department studies every evening.

Hapus bagian:

“

in the business administration department

Maka:

“

The student studies every evening.

Sekarang subject dan verb terlihat jelas.

Example
“

The quality of the products is excellent.

Hapus:

“

of the products

Maka:

“

The quality is excellent.

Jadi:

“

quality → is

Bukan:

“

products → are

Another example
“

The effects of social media on young people are significant.

Hapus informasi tambahannya:

“

The effects are significant.

Jadi:

“

effects → are

Important Rule

“

### Jangan memilih verb berdasarkan noun yang paling dekat dengan verb.

Temukan real subject terlebih dahulu.

HEAD NOUN

Dalam sebuah subject yang panjang, kita perlu menemukan head noun.

Head noun adalah noun utama yang menjadi inti dari sebuah noun phrase.

Contoh:

“

The quality of the products

Keseluruhan phrase:

“

The quality of the products

Tetapi head noun-nya adalah:

“

quality

Maka:

“

The quality of the products is excellent.

Contoh lain:

“

The effects of social media

Head noun:

“

effects

Maka:

“

The effects of social media are significant.

Contoh:

“

The number of international students

Head noun:

“

number

Maka:

“

The number of international students is increasing.

Cara menemukan Head Noun

Tanyakan:

“

"Apa noun utama dalam subject ini?"

Contoh:

“

The rapid development of artificial intelligence

Noun yang menjadi pusat phrase tersebut adalah:

“

development

Bukan:

“

intelligence

Jadi:

“

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has created new opportunities.

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03

Match

STEP 2 — MAKE THE VERB MATCH

Make the verb agree.

Locked

Setelah menemukan subject, langkah berikutnya sederhana:

“

Is the subject singular or plural?

Kemudian pilih verb yang sesuai.

SINGULAR SUBJECT

“

The student works hard.

“

The company grows rapidly.

“

The manager wants more employees.

“

The university offers several programs.

“

The researcher studies consumer behavior.

Semua subject di atas singular.

PLURAL SUBJECT

“

The students work hard.

“

The companies grow rapidly.

“

The managers want more employees.

“

The universities offer several programs.

“

The researchers study consumer behavior.

Semua subject di atas plural.

Perhatikan perbedaannya

Singular Subject Plural Subject
The student works. The students work.
The company grows. The companies grow.
The manager wants. The managers want.
The researcher studies. The researchers study.

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04

Core verbs

BE / HAVE / DO

Master BE, HAVE and DO.

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Ada tiga verbs yang sangat penting untuk dihafalkan:

“

BE

HAVE

DO

Ketiganya memiliki bentuk yang berbeda tergantung subject.

A. BE

Subject BE
I am
You are
We are
They are
He is
She is
It is

Examples:

“

I am ready.

“

She is ready.

“

They are ready.

“

The student is tired.

“

The students are tired.

B. HAVE

Subject HAVE
I have
You have
We have
They have
He has
She has
It has

Examples:

“

They have several questions.

“

She has a question.

“

The company has three offices.

“

The companies have several offices.

C. DO

Subject DO
I do
You do
We do
They do
He does
She does
It does

Examples:

“

They do their homework.

“

She does her homework.

“

The students do the exercise.

“

The student does the exercise.

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05

Structures

AUXILIARIES & MODALS

Handle auxiliaries and modals.

Locked

Sekarang kita masuk ke bagian yang sering membuat learner bingung:

“

Kalau ada auxiliary atau modal, verb utama biasanya tidak berubah.

DO / DOES

Bandingkan:

“

She works here.

Tetapi ketika membuat question:

“

Does she work here?

Bukan:

“

❌ Does she works here?

Kenapa?

Karena does sudah membawa agreement.

Maka main verb kembali ke bentuk dasar:

“

does + work

Negative

“

She doesn't work here.

Bukan:

“

❌ She doesn't works here.

Bandingkan:

“

They don't work here.

“

She doesn't work here.

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs meliputi:

“

can

could

may

might

must

should

will

would

shall

Setelah modal, gunakan base form.

“

She can speak English.

Bukan:

“

❌ She can speaks English.

“

Students should study more.

Bukan:

“

❌ Students should studies more.

“

The company will expand next year.

Bukan:

“

❌ The company will expands next year.

Formula

“

Modal + Base Verb

Examples:

“

can go

“

should study

“

must finish

“

will increase

“

might change

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Dalam present continuous, agreement terjadi pada BE, bukan pada -ing verb.

“

The student is studying.

“

The students are studying.

Perhatikan:

“

is studying

are studying

Yang berubah adalah:

“

is / are

Bukan:

“

studying

PRESENT PERFECT

Dalam present perfect, agreement terjadi pada:

“

has / have

Contoh:

“

The student has completed the assignment.

“

The students have completed the assignment.

Yang berubah:

“

has / have

Sedangkan:

“

completed

tetap sama.

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06

Patterns

COMMON AGREEMENT PATTERNS

Recognize common agreement patterns.

Locked

Sekarang kita masuk ke pola-pola yang paling sering muncul dalam soal grammar.

A. AND → USUALLY PLURAL

Jika dua subject yang berbeda dihubungkan dengan and, biasanya verb-nya plural.

“

Tom and Sarah are students.

“

The manager and the employee are discussing the problem.

“

Supply chain and logistics are important fields.

Logikanya:

“

A + B = two subjects

Maka:

“

plural verb

Tetapi ada pengecualian

Kadang dua nouns merujuk pada satu orang atau satu combined concept.

“

The CEO and founder is speaking.

Jika CEO dan founder adalah orang yang sama, subject-nya satu orang.

Bandingkan:

“

The CEO and the founder are speaking.

Ini biasanya berarti ada dua orang berbeda.

Jadi, tanyakan:

“

Are these two separate people/things, or one person/combined idea?

B. EACH → SINGULAR

Each memperlakukan anggota kelompok satu per satu.

Maka:

“

Each + singular verb

Examples:

“

Each student has a textbook.

“

Each employee receives training.

“

Each participant is required to register.

Bukan:

“

❌ Each student have a textbook.

C. EVERY → SINGULAR

Every juga diikuti singular noun dan singular verb.

“

Every student needs an ID card.

“

Every employee has a responsibility.

“

Every participant is required to register.

Bukan:

“

❌ Every student need an ID card.

D. EVERYONE / EVERYBODY → SINGULAR

Ini sangat penting.

Walaupun everyone berarti banyak orang, secara grammar ia dianggap singular.

“

Everyone is ready.

“

Everybody has a ticket.

“

Someone knows the answer.

“

Nobody wants to leave.

Bukan:

“

❌ Everyone are ready.

Words like these are singular:

“

everyone

everybody

someone

somebody

anyone

anybody

no one

nobody

Cara mengingatnya:

“

-one / -body → singular

E. ONE OF + PLURAL NOUN → SINGULAR

Perhatikan:

“

One of the students is absent.

Bukan:

“

❌ One of the students are absent.

Kenapa?

Subject-nya adalah:

“

one

Bukan:

“

students

Kalau kita hapus bagian tambahan:

“

One of the students is absent.

Maka jelas:

“

one → singular → is

Examples:

“

One of the reasons is the high cost.

“

One of my friends has moved abroad.

“

One of the best universities is located in Istanbul.

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07

The OF trap

THE "OF" TRAP

Stop choosing the nearest noun.

Locked

Ini adalah salah satu bagian paling penting untuk TOEFL.

Banyak learner melihat:

“

noun + of + noun

lalu memilih verb berdasarkan noun setelah of.

Padahal, itu sering salah.

THE MAIN RULE

“

### The noun after "of" is not automatically the subject.

Perhatikan:

“

The quality of the products is excellent.

Subject:

“

quality

Bukan:

“

products

A. THE NUMBER OF

“

The number of + plural noun → singular verb

Example:

“

The number of students is increasing.

Kenapa?

Karena head noun-nya adalah:

“

number

Students hanya menjelaskan apa yang sedang dihitung.

B. A NUMBER OF

Berbeda dengan sebelumnya:

“

A number of + plural noun → plural verb

Example:

“

A number of students are absent.

Di sini:

“

a number of = many / several

Maka:

“

students → plural → are

Compare

“

The number of students is increasing.

= total number

“

A number of students are absent.

= many students

Hafalkan pasangan ini:
“

The number of → IS

“

A number of → ARE

C. EACH OF

“

Each of the students has a laptop.

Walaupun students plural, subject-nya adalah:

“

each

Maka:

“

has

D. ONE OF

“

One of the students is absent.

Subject:

“

one

Maka:

“

is

E. QUALITY OF

“

The quality of the products is excellent.

Head noun:

“

quality

Maka:

“

is

Bandingkan:

“

The products of the company are excellent.

Sekarang head noun-nya:

“

products

Maka:

“

are

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08

OR / NOR

OR / NOR

Follow the closest subject.

Locked

Ketika subject dihubungkan dengan:

“

or

nor

either...or

neither...nor

verb biasanya mengikuti subject yang paling dekat dengan verb.

EITHER...OR

“

Either the teacher or the students are responsible.

Subject yang paling dekat dengan verb:

“

students

Plural → are

Sebaliknya:

“

Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

Subject yang paling dekat:

“

teacher

Singular → is

NEITHER...NOR

“

Neither the manager nor the employees are available.

Closest subject:

“

employees → plural

Maka:

“

are

Tetapi:

“

Neither the employees nor the manager is available.

Closest subject:

“

manager → singular

Maka:

“

is

Shortcut

Jika menemukan:

“

A or B

atau:

“

A nor B

lihat:

“

B

Karena B adalah subject yang paling dekat dengan verb.

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09

Quantifiers

QUANTIFIERS

Look at the noun after OF.

Locked

Quantifiers adalah kata atau phrases yang menunjukkan jumlah.

Contohnya:

“

some

all

most

half

none

percentages

fractions

Dalam banyak struktur ini, gunakan prinsip:

“

Look at the noun after "of."

A. SOME OF

Uncountable noun → singular
“

Some of the money is missing.

“

Some of the information is incorrect.

Plural noun → plural
“

Some of the students are absent.

“

Some of the books are missing.

B. ALL OF

“

All of the information is useful.

“

All of the money has been spent.

Tetapi:

“

All of the students are present.

“

All of the books have been sold.

C. HALF OF

“

Half of the cake is gone.

Tetapi:

“

Half of the students are absent.

Again:

“

cake → singular/uncountable → is

“

students → plural → are

D. PERCENTAGES

Gunakan prinsip yang sama.

“

50% of the population is unemployed.

Tetapi:

“

50% of the students are international.

Jadi:

“

percentage + of + noun → lihat noun setelah "of."

E. FRACTIONS

“

Half of the cake is gone.

“

Half of the students are absent.

“

Two-thirds of the population is affected.

“

Two-thirds of the participants are international students.

F. MOST OF

“

Most of the information is available.

“

Most of the students are ready.

“

Most of the money has been spent.

“

Most of the books have been sold.

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10

Uncountable

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Recognize singular uncountable nouns.

Locked

Ada beberapa nouns dalam English yang secara grammar dianggap uncountable.

Nouns seperti ini biasanya menggunakan singular verb.

Contohnya:

“

information

advice

research

knowledge

equipment

furniture

luggage

money

news

Examples

“

The information is useful.

“

The advice was helpful.

“

The research shows that exercise improves concentration.

“

The equipment is expensive.

“

The furniture is new.

“

The news is surprising.

Jangan membuat bentuk plural secara langsung

Jangan:

“

❌ informations

“

❌ advices

“

❌ equipments

“

❌ furnitures

Gunakan:

“

information

“

advice

“

equipment

“

furniture

RESEARCH vs. STUDIES

Ini sangat penting untuk academic English.

Research biasanya uncountable:

“

Recent research shows that...

“

Further research is needed.

Tetapi:

“

studies

adalah plural.

“

Recent studies show that...

“

Several studies have examined this issue.

Jadi:

“

Research shows...

tetapi:

“

Studies show...

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11

Special cases

SPECIAL CASES

Handle exceptions and tricky structures.

Locked

A. THERE IS / THERE ARE

Dalam struktur there is / there are, jangan menganggap there sebagai subject.

Real subject berada setelah verb.

Singular
“

There is a problem.

Real subject:

“

a problem

Plural
“

There are several problems.

Real subject:

“

several problems

Compare
“

There is a student in the classroom.

“

There are ten students in the classroom.

Jadi ketika melihat:

“

There is / There are

langsung tanyakan:

“

What comes after the verb?

B. HERE IS / HERE ARE

Prinsipnya sama.

“

Here is the report.

“

Here are the reports.

“

Here is the information you requested.

“

Here are the documents you requested.

C. RELATIVE CLAUSES: WHO / WHICH / THAT

Relative clauses dapat membuat subject–verb agreement menjadi lebih sulit.

Contoh:

“

The student who works here is my friend.

Apa yang dirujuk oleh who?

“

student

Karena student singular:

“

works

Bandingkan:

“

The students who work here are my friends.

Sekarang who merujuk kepada:

“

students

Karena students plural:

“

work

The key question

Jika menemukan:

“

who / which / that

tanyakan:

“

What noun does it refer to?

Setelah tahu noun-nya, tentukan:

“

singular atau plural?

Kemudian pilih verb yang sesuai.

D. COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Collective nouns adalah nouns yang merujuk kepada sebuah kelompok.

Contohnya:

“

team

family

committee

company

organization

government

audience

class

staff

Dalam American English, collective nouns biasanya menggunakan singular verb ketika kelompok tersebut dianggap sebagai satu unit.

“

The team is winning.

“

The committee has reached a decision.

“

The company is growing.

“

The government has announced a new policy.

British English kadang menggunakan plural verb ketika yang ditekankan adalah individual members.

Namun untuk academic English dan standardized tests, singular agreement merupakan pilihan yang aman ketika kelompok tersebut bertindak sebagai satu unit.

E. MEASUREMENTS

Expressions yang menunjukkan waktu, uang, jarak, atau measurement dapat menggunakan singular verb ketika dianggap sebagai satu total amount.

“

Ten dollars is enough.

“

Five years is a long time.

“

Two hours is enough to finish the exam.

“

Ten kilometers is too far to walk.

Dalam contoh tersebut, kita melihat jumlah tersebut sebagai satu total amount.

F. WORDS ENDING IN -S

Jangan menganggap:

“

word ending in -s = plural

Tidak selalu.

Contohnya:

“

Economics is important.

“

Mathematics is difficult.

“

Statistics is an important field.

“

The news is surprising.

“

Politics is complicated.

STATISTICS

Kata statistics bisa memiliki fungsi yang berbeda.

Sebagai bidang ilmu:

“

Statistics is an important subject.

Sebagai numerical data:

“

The statistics are concerning.

Jadi selalu lihat meaning dan function dalam kalimat.

G. GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS

Bentuk -ing dapat berfungsi sebagai noun.

Contoh:

“

Studying is important.

“

Exercising is beneficial.

“

Learning English takes time.

Di sini, kegiatan tersebut dianggap sebagai satu idea.

Maka:

“

Studying is

Bukan:

“

❌ Studying are

H. INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS

Infinitive juga dapat berfungsi sebagai subject.

“

To learn a language takes time.

“

To travel abroad is expensive.

“

To exercise regularly requires discipline.

Keseluruhan activity dianggap sebagai satu idea.

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12

Exam method

THE 5-STEP EXAM METHOD

Use the five-step system.

Locked

Sekarang kita ubah semua rules di atas menjadi satu sistem yang bisa kamu gunakan saat mengerjakan soal.

STEP 1 — FIND

Cari verb yang sedang diuji.

Contoh:

“

The quality of the products has / have improved.

Verb:

“

has / have

STEP 2 — ASK

Tanyakan:

“

Who or what has improved?

Jawaban:

“

The quality

STEP 3 — REMOVE

Hapus sementara informasi yang mengganggu.

“

The quality of the products has improved.

STEP 4 — IDENTIFY

Tentukan apakah subject-nya singular atau plural.

“

quality = singular

STEP 5 — MATCH

Karena subject singular:

“

has

Maka:

“

The quality of the products has improved.

THE FAST VERSION

Kalau sedang mengerjakan TOEFL dan waktunya terbatas, gunakan:

“

## FIND → REMOVE → IDENTIFY → CHECK → MATCH

FIND

Cari verb.

↓

REMOVE

Abaikan distracting phrases.

↓

IDENTIFY

Cari real subject/head noun.

↓

CHECK

Singular atau plural?

↓

MATCH

Pilih verb yang sesuai.

TOEFL-STYLE EXAMPLE

“

The effects of social media on young people's mental health ___ becoming increasingly significant.

A. is B. are

Step 1 — FIND
“

is / are becoming

Step 2 — ASK
“

What is becoming significant?

“

The effects

Step 3 — REMOVE
“

The effects of social media on young people's mental health are becoming significant.

Step 4 — CHECK
“

effects = plural

Step 5 — MATCH
“

plural → are

Answer:
“

The effects of social media on young people's mental health are becoming increasingly significant.

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13

Mistakes

COMMON MISTAKES

Recognize the traps.

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1. Looking at the nearest noun

❌ The quality of the products are excellent.

✅ The quality of the products is excellent.

2. The number of

❌ The number of students are increasing.

✅ The number of students is increasing.

3. A number of

❌ A number of students is absent.

✅ A number of students are absent.

4. Each

❌ Each student have a textbook.

✅ Each student has a textbook.

5. Every

❌ Every student need an ID card.

✅ Every student needs an ID card.

6. Everyone

❌ Everyone are ready.

✅ Everyone is ready.

7. One of

❌ One of the students are absent.

✅ One of the students is absent.

8. Does + verb

❌ Does she works here?

✅ Does she work here?

9. Modal + verb

❌ Students can speaks English.

✅ Students can speak English.

10. Uncountable noun

❌ The information are useful.

✅ The information is useful.

11. There is / There are

❌ There is several problems.

✅ There are several problems.

12. Relative clause

❌ The students who works here are experienced.

✅ The students who work here are experienced.

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QUICK REFERENCE

Before you test yourself.

Keep this checklist beside you when you start the final practice.

Reference

FINAL CHECKLIST

Sebelum memilih verb, selalu tanyakan:

1. What is the verb?

Apa verb yang sedang diuji?

2. Who or what is the subject?

Siapa atau apa yang melakukan action?

3. Is there extra information between the subject and verb?

Cari:

“

of

in

with

from

along with

as well as

4. What is the head noun?

Apa noun utama dari subject phrase tersebut?

5. Is it singular or plural?
“

singular → singular verb

plural → plural verb

6. Is there a special pattern?

Periksa:

“

each

every

everyone

one of

a number of

the number of

either...or

neither...nor

some of

all of

half of

percentages

fractions

7. Is there an auxiliary or modal?

Jika ada:

“

does / doesn't

can

should

must

will

may

ingat bahwa main verb biasanya tetap dalam base form.

THE GOLDEN RULE

“

## DON'T MATCH THE VERB WITH THE NEAREST NOUN.

## MATCH THE VERB WITH THE REAL SUBJECT.

Compare:

“

The quality of the products is excellent.

Nearest noun:

“

products

Real subject:

“

quality

Therefore:

“

is

And:

“

The results of the experiment are significant.

Nearest noun:

“

experiment

Real subject:

“

results

Therefore:

“

are

YOUR SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT SYSTEM

Kalau kalimat terlihat rumit, jangan panik.

Gunakan sistem ini:

“

## FIND

Cari verb.

↓

## REMOVE

Singkirkan sementara informasi tambahan.

↓

## IDENTIFY

Temukan real subject dan head noun.

↓

## CHECK

Singular atau plural?

↓

## MATCH

Pilih verb yang sesuai.

FIND → REMOVE → IDENTIFY → CHECK → MATCH

Kamu tidak perlu menghafalkan setiap kalimat.

Yang perlu kamu kuasai adalah cara berpikirnya.

Once you can identify the real subject, subject–verb agreement becomes much easier.

14 — PRACTICE

Now prove you can use it.

Jangan hanya merasa paham. Kerjakan 35 soal dari Beginner sampai Challenge dan lihat apakah kamu benar-benar bisa menemukan real subject dan memilih verb yang tepat.

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Open answer key

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1studies
2study
3lives
4live
5has
6have
7is
8are
9is
10is
11is
12is
13are
14are
15is
16is
17are
18is
19are
20shows
21are
22has
23has
24are
25is
26has
27are
28are
29has
30has
31are
32is
33was
34are
35is